Smartphone Users Should Be Aware of the Threats Posed by Malicious NFC Tags

January 2, 2025

The festive shopping season is well underway. Whereas once cash was king, now more shoppers than ever use their mobile phone’s electronic wallet as a contactless payment system when buying items, replacing credit cards or electronic ticket smart cards.  

Smartphones increasingly rely on Near Field Communication (NFC) technology for convenience and connectivity, but cybersecurity experts warn about a rising threat: NFC tag tampering. This tactic, often overlooked, can expose users to phishing attacks, malware, and data theft with a simple tap of their phone.

“NFC technology is incredibly convenient, but it’s also a vector for malicious activity if users aren’t cautious,” warns Marc Rivero, Lead Security Researcher at Kaspersky. “Innocent-looking tags in public spaces can be reprogrammed or replaced to carry out harmful actions. As the adoption of NFC continues to grow in areas like payments, public transport, and marketing, we anticipate that malicious actors will become increasingly sophisticated in their tactics. In the next few years, NFC-related attacks could potentially target thousands of users globally, particularly in urban areas where NFC usage is widespread. Awareness and proactive measures are key to mitigating these risks.”

How NFC tag tampering works

NFC tags are widely used in marketing campaigns, public transport systems, and smart home setups to enable quick, touch-free interactions. However, this same convenience makes them susceptible to tampering by malicious actors.

One method involves reprogramming legitimate NFC tags. These tags, when left unlocked, can be altered to redirect users to phishing sites, initiate unintended actions on their devices, or even deliver harmful software payloads. Another method is the physical replacement of original NFC tags. For example, attackers might swap out a genuine tag on a public poster or kiosk, in high-traffic areas like transportation hubs, cafes, or retail stores, with one that triggers harmful behaviors.

The dangers of malicious NFC tags

The consequences of interacting with a malicious NFC tag can be severe. Phishing attacks are among the most common outcomes, where users are redirected to fraudulent websites designed to steal personal information or login credentials. It’s possible that vulnerabilities in a smartphone’s NFC reader can be exploited to execute harmful code, compromising the device’s security. Malicious NFC tags can also prompt users to download apps or files containing malware, which may steal data, track activity, or damage the device. The seemingly small act of scanning a tampered NFC tag can thus lead to significant financial and privacy repercussions.

Protect yourself against NFC tag tampering

To stay safe, users are encouraged to adopt these simple but effective measures:

1. Inspect NFC tags. Avoid scanning tags in untrusted or suspicious locations and look for signs of tampering.
2. Verify actions. Always carefully explore the URL or action triggered by a tag before proceeding.
3. Disable automatic actions. Configure your smartphone to require confirmation before executing NFC-related commands. Install a reliable security solution on the device to reduce the risks.
4. Stay updated. Ensure your smartphone’s software is up to date to protect against known vulnerabilities.

Advice for businesses

Organizations using NFC technology should take proactive steps to secure their systems and protect their users:

• Use locked or “read-only” NFC tags to prevent tampering.
• Regularly inspect their tags in public spaces for alterations.
• Educate customers and employees about safe NFC practices.